The Monarch Butterfly—an Illustration of Transformation—the Chrysalis Phase

The Stages of Development Reviewed

God's creative principles, processes, and power in the creation account and the heart of man are illustrated in the Monarch butterfly's life cycle. The number four and its connection with the concepts of creation and transformation will be used throughout this study.

The first phase of the Monarch's life began with its salvation exhibited in its departure from the egg. This phase represents our salvation from sin.

The second stage of development represents justification. It practically applies to living out of an internal reality not yet realized in its visible form and depicts our justified state while living in a body of sinful flesh. This development is illustrated by the monarch caterpillar's imaginal cells that will later form all the necessary parts of a fully formed butterfly. Feasting on God's Word and prayer are essentials that enable and empower us to put on the new man Christ has made us on the inside and cast off the "old man" of flesh, characterized in the sheds of the caterpillar.

I have been crucified with Christ; it is no longer I who live, but Christ lives in me; and the life which I now live in the flesh I live by faith in the Son of God, who loved me and gave Himself for me.

— Galatians 2:20

This article will examine the third stage of the Monarch's development into a new creature as it enters the tomb of a chrysalis. This phase will metaphorically represent the process of sanctification through a type of death.

"Scripture is clear that God’s solution to our sin issues is not a transformation of our sin nature but the violent death of it"

— unknown

At this development phase, the imaginal cells are activated within the chrysalis and begin dividing and multiplying into an entirely different creature than what it previously was. Destroying and consuming all that was once a caterpillar is a necessary part of this process.

Mathematics will also be applied to this lesson related to this phase of the journey.

Sanctified, Separated, and Set Apart

The primary goal of the caterpillar is growth. At this third phase of development, the once teeny tiny caterpillar has exponentially increased in mass 2000 times within just 14 days in its larval stage. The now substantially larger worm stops eating and begins setting itself apart (a picture of sanctification) by finding a high place to attach itself and hang in preparation for a death process as it enters the tomb of a chrysalis.

Jesus was hung upon a cross on a high place, namely, Golgotha's hill, which in Aramaic means skull. The transformation spoken of in Romans chapter twelve ("be transformed") relates this conversion to the renewal of the mind.

This third phase of the Monarch caterpillar journey illustrates the complete setting aside of the "self-life." This concept is expressed in terms of death while yet being made alive to God.

... reckon yourselves to be dead indeed to sin, but alive to God in Christ Jesus our Lord.

— Romans 6:11

Herbert Lockyer gives us a practical application to this thought in his book, All Doctrines of the Bible.

"Not only are we sanctified, but we are being sanctified. Position must be translated into practice and standing into state ... Sin does not die within the believer, he dies to sin."¹

In an audio presentation, Dr. Lincoln Brower, in an online article "Monarch Butterfly Journey North," describes the process by which a chrysalis hangs. He points out the importance of removing the skin so it does not stick to the chrysalis and deform the developing butterfly.²

Likewise, If we want a proper transformation, we must be desirous to eliminate all flesh and sin.

This sanctification or setting apart is based on what God the Father has done for us through the death and sacrifice of His one and only son, Jesus.

... we have been sanctified through the offering of the body of Jesus Christ

— Hebrews 10:8

Such is the second fold of this process in taking up our cross and following Him.

... present your bodies a living sacrifice, holy (set apart), acceptable to God, which is your reasonable service.

— Romans 12:1

Paul also quoted in I Corinthians 15:31 that we are to "die daily."

Dietrich Bonhoeffer, in his book The Cost of Discipleship, provides us with the following practical application:

“The cross is laid on every Christian. The first Christ-suffering which every man must experience is the call to abandon the attachments of this world. It is that dying of the old man which is the result of his encounter with Christ. As we embark upon discipleship we surrender ourselves to Christ in union with His death—we give over our lives to death ... When Christ calls a man, He bids him come and die"³

"J" is for Jesus

Just before entering its chrysalis, which metaphors for us a tomb and death, the caterpillar hangs in the shape of a "J." Could the "J" hanging caterpillar be God's way of pointing us to the path of transformation, as illustrated in this process?

Jesus justified us by His hanging on the cross and bearing the cost of our sins. We are now granted new life, and through His death, He has shown us the way of sanctification.

“If anyone desires to come after Me, let him deny himself, and take up his cross daily and follow Me."

— Luke 9:24

This process of hanging is quite a miraculous event in and of itself. Right before the grand event, the caterpillar spreads out a silk cloud like a web to anchor a pad in its center. It meticulously constructs a strong foundation from which it will hang. This silk cloud illustrates God's spreading of the heavens.

Thus says God the Lord,
Who created the heavens and stretched them out,
Who spread forth the earth and that which comes from it,
Who gives breath to the people on it,
And spirit to those who walk on it

— Isaiah 42:5

Referencing, once again, Dr. Lincoln Brower's presentation, he also describes the miraculous process of getting what is known as its cremaster post, which has tiny barbs in it hooked into the canvas cloud of silk. He observed a moment in this process when it appeared as if it was suspended in mid-air. It literally takes a leap of faith to get its cremaster hooked into the button at the center of its silk cloud.

The caterpillar shows us the necessity of being anchored in heaven. To be anchored in heaven, we must, like the caterpillar, let go of the things of this earth and life. We cannot let go of our self-preserving instincts until we get our hooks into a heavenly perspective.

Set your mind on things above, not on things on the earth. For you died, and your life is hidden with Christ in God. When Christ who is our life appears, then you also will appear with Him in glory.

— Colossians 3:2

Jesus was our example of how He was firmly rooted in His supreme goal.

Therefore we also, since we are surrounded by so great a cloud of witnesses, let us lay aside every weight, and the sin which so easily ensnares us, and let us run with endurance the race that is set before us, looking unto Jesus, the author and finisher of our faith, who for the joy that was set before Him endured the cross, despising the shame, and has sat down at the right hand of the throne of God

— Hebrews 12:1-2

I had a caterpillar who could not get his silk pad down so he could hang. He tried for about 3 or 4 days but could not because he had nothing to hang from. With no silk pad, he just could not let go. He did not make it.

Could it be so with us, as it concerns our ability to surrender all to God? Without having laid that eternal foundation, we cannot get our hooks into heaven.

. . . no other foundation can anyone lay than that which is laid, which is Jesus Christ.

— I Corinthians 3:11

The Spinneret

The Caterpillar spins its heavenly pad with a spinneret. A spinneret is a liquid-emitting organ on some caterpillars and spiders. Much like Silly String, the liquid dries and hardens as soon as it hits the air.

A spider's spinneret is located on its belly. On the Monarch, it is just beneath its mouth. This solid foundation coming from the mouth can be connected with the Word of God, with heavenly origins coming from our mouths.

... the righteousness of faith speaks in this way, “Do not say in your heart, ‘Who will ascend into heaven? (that is, to bring Christ down from above) or, “‘Who will descend into the abyss? (that is, to bring Christ up from the dead). But what does it say? “The word is near you, in your mouth and in your heart (that is, the word of faith which we preach): that if you confess with your mouth the Lord Jesus and believe in your heart that God has raised Him from the dead, you will be saved. For with the heart one believes unto righteousness, and with the mouth confession is made unto salvation.

— Romans 10:6-10

The silk first emitted as a liquid can represent the fluidity of our words. Like the liquid strand hitting the air and hardening, so is the concreteness of words flowing from our mouths

Silk from a worm is said to be stronger than steel pound for pound, demonstrating the heavenly things God asks us to hook ourselves into. They are, indeed, more concrete and dependable than the things of the earth and created realm.

... while we do not look at the things which are seen, but at the things which are not seen. For the things which are seen are temporary, but the things which are not seen are eternal.

— II Corinthians 4:18

The Earth Suit is Cast Off

The caterpillar will hang in the shape of "J" for about a day before making its final shed. It will then enter the tomb of its chrysalis, where it will spend the next 14 days motionless and seemingly dead.

So there they laid Jesus, because of the Jews’ Preparation Day, for the tomb was nearby.

— John 19:42

With the first four sheds in its caterpillar phase, the worm consumed its skin. In the final chrysalis shed, the caterpillar completely shakes off its earthly suit and leaves it behind forever in the realization and anticipation of its new life.

Then Simon Peter came, following him, and went into the tomb; and he saw the linen cloths lying there, and the handkerchief that had been around His head.

— John 20:6-7

Shedding may seem like a simple task, but I have observed it involves a travail. The caterpillar now writhes and twists violently, trying to remove its skin. It knows that it simply cannot enter its rest with even a little skin on it, or its formation and transformation might not occur properly and interfere with its eternal journey.

Therefore put to death your members which are on the earth: fornication, uncleanness, passion, evil desire, and covetousness, which is idolatry. Because of these things the wrath of God is coming upon the sons of disobedience, in which you yourselves once walked when you lived in them.

— Colossians 3:2-7

Once the skin drops off, it rests and lets God do His perfect miraculous work.

This 14-day chrysalis process interestingly correlates with the Old Testament observance of the Passover. According to Numbers 28:16, it was observed on the 14th day of the first month.

Passover—Fourteen

Passover was an observance that remembered God's great deliverance of the children of Israel from their bondage in Egypt. It illustrated the separating of a people and being joined to God through the blood of a sacrificial lamb. This occasion foreshadows Jesus, the lamb of God, who would take away the "sin of the world" through His death and shed blood.

“Behold! The Lamb of God who takes away the sin of the world!

— John 1:29

The word sanctification means to set apart and separate. In Hebrew, "holiness" and "sanctification" are the same. Throughout the remainder of this lesson, these two words will be used interchangeably. Concerning this idea of separation, let us understand that sin separated us from God.

... your iniquities have separated you from your God.

— Isaiah 59:2

This separation resulted in death.

For the wages of sin is death.

— Romans 6:23

In sanctification, God separates us from sin.

For the bodies of those animals, whose blood is brought into the sanctuary by the high priest for sin, are burned outside the camp. Therefore Jesus also, that He might sanctify the people with His own blood, suffered outside the gate.

— Hebrews 13:11-12

And He separates us unto Himself through the shed blood of the Lamb of God.

“Fear not, for I have redeemed you;
I have called you by your name;
You are Mine.

— Isaiah 43:1

As it applies to transformation, D. De Haan, quoted in Our Daily Bread Devotional, expounds even further on the full effects of what Christ did for us.

Christ takes each sin, each pain, each loss, And by the power of His cross Transforms our brokenness and shame; So that our lives exalt His name.⁴

It All Adds Up

A bit of mathematics in concert with these themes can deepen our understanding of this part of the transformation process. The 14th day of the month, which marked the Passover's observation, connects with the caterpillar's 14-day death-like event inside the chrysalis.

Fourteen is the number of deliverances and is the sum of 10+4. The number ten in the Bible concerns the measure of human responsibility. A quick example would be how the Ten Commandments reveal and express man's duty to God.

Job gives us a good example.

There was a man in the land of Uz, whose name was Job; and that man was blameless and upright, and one who feared God and shunned evil. And seven sons and (+) three daughters (10) were born to him. Also, his possessions were seven thousand sheep, (+) three thousand camels (10), five hundred yoke of oxen, (+) five hundred female donkeys (10)

— Job 1:1-3

Ten also includes being tested on those obligations. Job's faith in God, his blamelessness, and uprightness would be tested, as indicated by the number ten.

Four categorizes the natural, physical, and created realms and speaks of transformation. Four also includes the idea of death. Death is exclusive to created things and part of a transformative process that can usher those who placed their faith in God through the door (4th letter of the Hebrew aleph-bet), Jesus Christ. We are resurrected through Him to a new life and being.

Four in the Bible can also be associated with destructive processes in the natural realm. As we shall see with the butterfly, this destructive process is necessary for reconstruction.

Through the prophet Joel, God confronts His people concerning their unfaithfulness to Him and recounts the four destructive forces He uses to transform.

“So I will restore to you the years that the swarming locust has eaten,
The crawling locust,
The consuming locust,
And the chewing locust
My great army which I sent among you.

The Passover observance includes four cups of wine.

1. sanctification,
2. deliverance,
3. redemption,
4. and completion.

These four cups are connected to a four-step transforming work of God described in the following four statements, which, if you look closely, follow the pattern of our study.

— Joel 2:25

‘I am the Lord;

1. I will bring you out from under the burdens of the Egyptians,
2. I will rescue you from their bondage (1-salvation/deliverance) ,and
3. I will redeem you with an outstretched arm and with great judgments. (2-justification through redemption)
4. I will take you as My people (3-sanctification), and I will be your God (completion)

— Exodus 6:6-7

The Passover lamb was selected, or should we say set apart, on the 10th day of the month and examined for four days before being sacrificed. Christ, our Passover lamb, rode into Jerusalem on a donkey on the 10th of Nisan and then spent four days being examined by the Romans, religious rulers, and the common people. Charles Spurgeon profoundly observes the following.

Four years after he left his father's house he went into the wilderness, and was tempted of the devil. Four years after his baptism he was sacrificed for us. But there is another, better than that:—About four days before his crucifixion, Jesus Christ rode in triumph through the streets of Jerusalem. He was thus openly set apart as being distinct from mankind. He, on the ass, rode up to the temple, that all might see him to be Judah's Lamb, chosen of God, and ordained from the foundation of the world.

— Charles Spurgeon

The Bible mentions fourteen times that humankind's responsibilities (10) were written on stone tablets by God. Stones are the earth's (4) witness of what God has said and required. In adding them together, we have Jesus, the Passover lamb, taking responsibility for our sins (10) by coming in the created form of a physical man to the earth He created (4)

... being found in appearance as a man (4), He humbled Himself and became obedient to the point of death, even the death of the cross (10).

— Philippians 2:8

And He thereby fulfilled the righteous requirements.

... by sending His own Son in the likeness of sinful flesh, on account of sin: He condemned sin in the flesh, that the righteous requirement of the law might be fulfilled ... (14)

— Romans 8:3-4

Recommended

From Ashes to Ascendancy - Ch # 6

Therefore, Fourteen shows us Christ's complete fulfillment of earthly man's obligations to God, which required humankind to be liberated, delivered from sin, and in right standing with God.

Therefore if the Son makes you free, you shall be free indeed

— John 8:36

A narrative concerning Jacob exhibits this numeric connection. Jacob paid Laban with fourteen years of service for his two wives. The two wives represent both Jew and Gentile. Looking at the event more closely in Genesis 30 and 31, we can see that the sealed deal of their freedom involved the currency of sheep.

The Feast of Tabernacles also required the daily sacrifice of fourteen lambs, confirming this requirement.

This pattern leads us to our next numeric revelation concerning fourteen's products of seven and two, further confirming this idea.

Two—Multiple Layers

As previously noted, the number fourteen is also the product of 7 X 2. As illustrated in the Biblical account of the first week of creation, seven is the number of completion and fulfillment. The seventh day was set apart and sanctified to punctuate God's satisfaction and completion of all He had made.

Thus the heavens and the earth, and all the host of them, were finished. And on the seventh day God ended His work which He had done.

— Genesis 2:1,2

In this context, the number two expresses multiple layers of fulfillment in that Christ does a second-fold creative work on the cross, who interestingly spoke seven final words. The seventh spoken word was the following.

“It is finished!”

— John 19:30

Christ's finished work resulted in our becoming new creations in Him.

We might also view this formula of 7x2 as expressing God's finished work being two-fold, as Jesus told Nicodemus.

... unless one is born of water and the Spirit, he cannot enter the kingdom of God.

— John 3:5

We are born in the natural (7 - a complete work of God), and we must be born again of the Spirit (7 - a complete work of God)

... unless one is born again, he cannot see the kingdom of God.

— John 3:3

This two-fold process matches a monarch's life. It spends fourteen days as a caterpillar representing our life in the created realm and fourteen days in the chrysalis depicting our life transformed into a spiritual being.

In his article "The Two-Fold Work of the Cross," Chip Brogden also observes another twofold aspect of Christ's work on our behalf. He writes that Christ was our substitute and our example and speaks not only of His cross but ours.

Two—Division and Sanctificaiton

Two, as it refers to it being one of the prime factors of the number fourteen, the other being seven, expresses the idea of multiplication and division. Two is the first number that can be divided by another. In his book Number in Scripture, E.W. Bullinger makes this observation relative to two's association with the idea of division.

"When the earth lay in the chaos which overwhelmed it (Gen. 1:2), its condition was universal ruin and darkness. The second thing recorded in connection with Creation was the introduction of a second thing-Light; and immediately there was a difference, and division, for God divided light from the darkness

So the second day had division for its great characteristic "Let there be a firmament in the midst of the waters, and let it DIVIDE the waters from the waters."

In terms of division, the number two expresses the idea of separation, which is what sanctification means. It means to set apart and separate. God's part of this process is through what Christ has done for us.

As far as the east is from the west, So far has He removed our transgressions from us.

— Psalm 103:12

Our part of this process is

Come out from among them And be separate (sanctified), says the Lord ...

— II Corinthians 6:17

We see God's eternal purpose for sanctification, as noted by Herbert Lockyer.

"Holiness ... is God's perfect work whereby He sets believers aside perfectly and forever for Himself."¹

Marrying the Numbers

Therefore, we can conclude that the product of the completed redemptive work of Christ's death on the cross (7) and His sanctification (separation) by that work (2) results in our final redemption (14). And this will all be gloriously exhibited in a new form. This idea is also illustrated in Ephesians through the marital relationship.

Husbands, love your wives, just as Christ also loved the church and gave Himself for her, (7) that He might sanctify (2) and cleanse her with the washing of water by the word, (the result of that work - 14) that He might present her to Himself a glorious church not having spot or wrinkle or any such thing, but that she should be holy (separated) and without blemish.

— Ephesians 5:25-27

The clue to the renewal of the mind is also revealed in the above passage. It concerns the bride being cleansed by "the washing of the water by the Word."

Moreover, the Hebrew word for bride, "calah" כַּלָּה is also the Hebrew word for "finished." Recall Christ's final words during His redemptive work on the cross. "It is finished." The Hebrew word "calah" כַּלָּה comes from a root meaning to complete and make perfect and refers to being crowned.

The Hebrew word pictograph seems to capture the image of a bride consumed with and controlled by the Holy Spirit of Christ, who dwells within her.

According to Gesenius Lexicon, the continued definitions of the Hebrew word for "bride" include both the ideas of destruction (separation-death) and fulfillment. Our mathematical operations lead us to our next observation of this process: the caterpillar dies, and all things butterfly come to life through cell death, division, and multiplication.

The Liquefying Process—Cell Division and Multiplication

What once was a caterpillar, confined to nothing more than a crawling earthly existence, is now deconstructing and completely liquefied, allowing the imaginal cells to begin composing and reconstructing a body suitable for a heavenly existence.

... we know that if our earthly house, this tent, is destroyed, we have a building from God, a house not made with hands, eternal in the heavens.

— II Corinthians 5:1

The multiplication and division principles will make further relevant summations concerning the processes occurring inside the chrysalis at this stage of development.

Imaginal Cells

The imaginal cells become activated and begin to divide and multiply rapidly. They develop into all the necessary elements of a complete, beautiful, and functional heavenly body that does not resemble anything it once was in form or function.

From a spiritual application point of view, this principle and process are described in II Peter. He refers to the disintegration of the natural world and its works and how our lives should be lived in anticipation of everything being made new.

... the day of the Lord will come as a thief in the night, in which the heavens will pass away with a great noise, and the elements will melt with fervent heat; both the earth and the works that are in it will be burned up. Therefore, since all these things will be dissolved, what manner of persons ought you to be in holy (separated) conduct and godliness, looking for and hastening the coming of the day of God, because of which the heavens will be dissolved, being on fire, and the elements will melt with fervent heat? Nevertheless we, according to His promise, look for new heavens and a new earth in which righteousness dwells

— II Peter 3:10-13

Lessons From the Chrysalis

I'm not sure any other chrysalis is as ornately decorated as the Monarchs. I will conclude this part with some noteworthy observations.

The Monarch chrysalis color is a bright and verdant shade of green, symbolic of growth and new life, reminding us of an unseen work occurring on the inside. From an activity and movement perspective, what appears to be dead is, more accurately, undergoing its most significant change and transformation.

God's bid for us to come and die is always attached to the hope and promise of a resurrection.

... we were buried with Him through baptism into death, that just as Christ was raised from the dead by the glory of the Father, even so we also should walk in newness of life.

— Romans 6:4

According to the "Institution for Creation Research," twenty-four gold spots surround the chrysalis' crowning rim. The word chrysalis means "crown" in Greek. It is theorized that these gold (symbol of godliness) dots form the white dots on the fully formed butterfly. White symbolizes holiness that will adorn the completed butterfly's body and wings.

The gold crown was part of the priestly garments in the Book of Exodus.

Then they made the plate of the holy crown of pure gold, and wrote on it an inscription like the engraving of a signet:

HOLINESS TO THE LORD.

— Exodus 39:30

The crown indicates we will be crowned as kings and priests in our eternal destinations.

To Him who loved us and washed us from our sins in His own blood, and has made us kings and priests to His God and Father, to Him be glory and dominion forever and ever. Amen.

— Revelation 1:6

The Old Testament testifies similarly in the following quote from the book of Isaiah.

You shall also be a crown of glory
In the hand of the Lord,
And a royal diadem
In the hand of your God.

— Isaiah 62:3

The 24 gold dots around the chrysalis's crown can also be linked with the 24 crowned elders around the throne in the Book of Revelation.

Around the throne were twenty-four thrones, and on the thrones I saw twenty-four elders sitting, clothed in white robes; and they had crowns of gold on their heads.

— Revelation 4:4

Gold in the Bible is representative of godliness, and white symbolizes purity.

. . . godliness is profitable for all things, having promise of the life that now is and of that which is to come.

— I Timothy 4:8

We are, therefore, instructed and counseled to buy from Him.

. . . gold refined in the fire, that you may be rich; and white garments, that you may be clothed, that the shame of your nakedness may not be revealed; and anoint your eyes with eye salve, that you may see.

— Revelation 3:18

Twelve other gold spots occur on different parts of the chrysalis. Twelve is also a descriptive number in the book of Revelation concerning those submitted to God's governance. This numeric piece reveals that these lessons can be personal applications of how we live our individual lives toward God and corporately in how the church is developing and transforming as a whole made up of those individuals.

These gold dots are ports of entry for oxygen that remind us of our constant dependence on this life and the world to come on the breath of God's life breathed upon us.

In the natural

. . . the Lord God formed man of the dust of the ground, and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life.

— Genesis 2:7

As well as the spiritual

He (Jesus) breathed on them, and said to them,“Receive the Holy Spirit.

— John 20:22

The Crown of the Gospel

Three colors are observed on the crown of the Chrysalis: gold, silver, and black. Each color is symbolic and forms a united message when viewed together.

• As was studied in the above section, Gold represents God and godliness.
• Silver in Scripture symbolizes the redemptive price that Christ paid on our behalf.
• Black is illustrative of the sin of humankind.

The center color of silver, representing the price paid for our sins, is the mediating element between humankind and God. It's the Gospel message in its entirety displayed in these three colors.

When the light shines on the crown, the iridescence only lets you see the gold. So it is with us. In the end, God will shine His everlasting light on us, and all that will shine will be the glorious redemptive work of God in Christ.

Remain Pliable to the Potter

The hard shell of the chrysalis serves as a mold that sets the pattern for wing formation. This part of the process illustrates non-conformity to the pattern of this world.

Complete submission to God's "will," even in the hardness of the mold of death, will give shape and form to the new type He wants to transform us into.

But now, O Lord,
You are our Father;
We are the clay, and You our potter;
And all we are the work of Your hand.

— Isaiah 64:8

Concluding Thoughts

This section concludes the illustrated process of sanctification through death. It is in realizing what Christ has done for us that results in the transformed life of a believer. We leave off with a motionless and seemingly lifeless entombed caterpillar.

Now may the God of peace Himself sanctify you completely; and may your whole spirit, soul, and body be preserved blameless at the coming of our Lord Jesus Christ.

— I Thessalonians 5:23

The demonstration reveals what God can do with a lowly worm who has followed His transformation pattern.

Beloved, now we are children of God; and it has not yet been revealed what we shall be, but we know that when He is revealed, we shall be like Him, for we shall see Him as He is.

— I John 3:2

We will finish with a note from Charles Spurgeon, who uses the imagery of butterfly transformation to describe spiritual transformation processes in the following statement.

"That caterpillar is yourself until you are wrapped up in the chrysalis of death; but when Christ shall appear you shall be like him, for you shall see him as he is. Be content to be like him, a worm and no man, that like him you may be satisfied when you wake up in his likeness"⁵

Sources

¹All Doctrines of the Bible, Herbert Lockyer. Zondervan Publishing. Copyright 1964

²"Monarch Butterfly Journey North" Annenberglearner.org is an excellent resource for much Monarch info http://www.learner.org/jnorth/tm/monarch/ChrysalisFormationLPB.html Copyright 1997-2016 Journey North

³Dietrich Bonhoeffer {The Cost of Discipleship - (London: SCM Press, 1948/2001), 44.}

⁴https://www.bible.com/reading-plans/615-our-daily-bread/day/11

⁵ Charles Spurgeon "Morning and Evening" devotional December 30th

© 2014 Tamarajo